CBSE Notes Class 9 Political Science Chapter 5 – Democratic Rights

Elections and institutions need to be combined with a third element – the enjoyment of rights – to make a government democratic. Elected rulers working through the established institutional process must learn not to cross Citizens’ democratic rights. This is what you will learn in this last chapter of Class 9 Political Science Notes.

The CBSE Notes Class 9 Political Science Chapter 5 on Democratic Rights begins with some real-life cases to help you imagine what it means to live without rights. Through this, you get to know what you mean by rights and why you need them. These notes will further discuss the Fundamental Rights in the Indian Constitution. You also get to know how an ordinary person can use these rights and who will protect and enforce them. In the end, you learn how the scope of rights has been expanding.

Chapter 5 Democratic Rights

CBSE Notes Class 9 Political Science Chapter 5 – Democratic Rights

Life without Rights

Let’s take 3 examples which will help you understand what it means to live in the absence of rights.

1) Prison in Guantanamo Bay

The American government picked up about 600 people from all over the world and put them in prison in Guantanamo Bay, allegedly without due process of law. The government said that they were enemies of the US and linked to the attack on New York on 11 September 2001.

2) Citizens’ Rights in Saudi Arabia

In Saudi Arabia, the position of the citizens with regard to their government is as mentioned below:

1. The country is ruled by a hereditary king, and the people have no role in electing or changing their rulers.
2. The king selects the legislature as well as the executive.
3. Citizens cannot form political parties or any political organisations.
4. There is no freedom of religion.
5. Women are subjected to many public restrictions.

3) Ethnic Massacre in Kosovo

Yugoslavia was a small province before its split. The population was overwhelmingly ethnic Albanian, but Serbs were the majority in the country. Milosevic, a Serb nationalist, had won the election, and his government was very hostile to the Albanians. He wanted the Serbs to dominate the country. Many Serb leaders thought that Ethnic minorities like Albanians should either leave the country or accept the dominance of the Serbs.

Rights in a Democracy

All of us want to live happily, without fear and without being subjected to bad treatment. For this, we expect others to behave in such a way that does not harm us or hurt us. Equally, our actions should not also harm or hurt others.

• A right is possible when you make a claim that is equally possible for others.
• A right comes with an obligation to respect others’ rights.

What is recognised by society as rightful becomes the basis of rights. That is why the notion of rights changes from time to time and from society to society.

Any claim can be called a right if it has the following 3 qualities:

• The claim should be reasonable.
• The claims should be recognised by society.
• The claim should be sanctioned by law.

Why Do We Need Rights in a Democracy?

In a democracy, every citizen has the right to vote and the right to be elected to government. Rights play a very special role in a democracy. Rights protect minorities from the oppression of the majority. Rights are guarantees which can be used when things go wrong.

Rights in the Indian Constitution

You already know our Constitution provides for 6 Fundamental Rights. Let’s discuss them one by one.

1) Right to Constitutional Remedies

The Right to Constitutional Remedies empowers citizens to move to a court of law in case of any denial of their fundamental rights.

2) Right to Equality

The Constitution says that the government shall not deny to any person in India equality before the law or the equal protection of the laws. It means that the laws apply in the same manner to all, regardless of a person’s status. This is called the rule of law, which is the foundation of any democracy. It means that no person is above the law. There cannot be any distinction between a political leader, government official and an ordinary citizen.

1. The government shall not discriminate against any citizen on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex or place of birth.
2. Every citizen shall have access to public places like shops, restaurants, hotels, and cinema halls.
3. There shall be no restriction with regard to the use of wells, tanks, bathing ghats, roads, playgrounds and places of public resorts maintained by the government or dedicated to the use of the general public.
4. All citizens have equality of opportunity in matters relating to employment or appointment to any position in the government.

3) Right to Freedom

Under the Indian Constitution, all citizens have the right to:

1. Freedom of speech and expression
2. Assemble in a peaceful manner
3. Form associations and unions
4. Move freely throughout the country
5. Reside in any part of the country
6. Practice any profession or carry on any occupation, trade or business

You cannot exercise your freedom in such a manner that violates others’ right to freedom.

4) Right against Exploitation

Every citizen has a right not to be exploited. The Constitution has clear provisions to prevent the exploitation of the weaker sections of society. The Constitution mentions 3 specific evils as mentioned below and declares them illegal.

1. The Constitution prohibits ‘traffic in human beings’. Traffic means the selling and buying of human beings, usually women, for immoral purposes.
2. Our Constitution prohibits forced labour or begar in any form. Begar is a practice where the worker is forced to render service to the ‘master’ free of charge or at a nominal remuneration. When this practice takes place on a life-long basis, it is called the practice of bonded labour.
3. The Constitution prohibits child labour. Under this, no one can employ a child below the age of 14 to work in any factory or mine or in any other hazardous work, such as railways and ports.

5) Right to Freedom of Religion

Every person has a right to profess, practice and propagate the religion he or she believes in. India is a secular state which means India does not establish any one religion as the official religion. Freedom to practice religion does not mean that a person can do whatever he wants in the name of religion. For example, one cannot sacrifice animals or human beings as offerings to supernatural forces or gods.

6) Cultural and Educational Rights

Indian Constitution specifies the cultural and educational rights of the minorities:

1. Any section of citizens with a distinct language or culture has a right to conserve it.
2. Admission to any educational institution maintained by the government or receiving government aid cannot be denied to any citizen on the grounds of religion or language.
3. All minorities have the right to establish and administer educational institutions of their choice.

How Can We Secure These Rights?

Right to Constitutional Remedies makes the other 5 Fundamental Rights effective. When any of our rights are violated, we can seek a remedy through the courts. That is why Dr. Ambedkar called the Right to Constitutional Remedies, ‘the heart and soul’ of our Constitution.

1. Fundamental Rights are guaranteed against the actions of the Legislatures, the Executive, and any other authorities instituted by the government.
2. There can be no law or action that violates the Fundamental Rights.
3. If any act of the Legislature or the Executive takes away or limits any of the Fundamental Rights, it will be invalid.

Expanding Scope of Rights

Fundamental Rights are the source of all rights; our Constitution and law offer a wider range of rights. Over the years, the scope of rights has expanded. From time to time, the courts gave judgments to expand the scope of rights.

1. Certain rights, like the Right to Freedom of the Press, Right to Information, and Right to Education, are derived from the Fundamental Rights.
2. Now, school education has become a right for Indian citizens. The governments are responsible for providing free and compulsory education to all children up to the age of 14 years.
3. Parliament has enacted a law giving the right to information to the citizens.
4. The Supreme Court has expanded the meaning of the right to life to include the right to food.

The Constitution provides many more rights which may not be Fundamental Rights. For example, the Right to Property is not a Fundamental Right, but it is a constitutional right. The Right to Vote in elections is an important constitutional right.